Introduction To Manual Muscle Testing Techniques' title='Introduction To Manual Muscle Testing Techniques' />Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. Easily share your publications and get. International programme on chemical safety environmental health criteria 63 organophosphorus insecticides a general introduction this report contains the. Learn proper lifting techniques and OSHAs approach to minimizing lifting hazards. Quick Tips 221 uses images and captions to show correct lifting procedures. Adobe After Effects Cracked Version Of Idm on this page. PALPATION+CONT%E2%80%99D+Palpation+technique%3A+patient+must+be+comfortable.jpg' alt='Introduction To Manual Muscle Testing Techniques' title='Introduction To Manual Muscle Testing Techniques' />Chapter 5 Sampling and Testing Food. Introduction. 5. 2. Definition. A chemical residue is the presence of a chemical in one or more tissues of the body at some time after administration or exposure, particularly at the time of slaughter. The tissues of importance for the purposes of the chemical residues program are skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, and fat. Techniques and instrumentation used today are sufficiently sophisticated to detect a variety of drugs in small amounts. Concerns. Although microbial contamination of food continues to account for the majority of instances of illness, consumers still have a high level of concern about chemical residues in food. Drugs developed for use by the animal industry in Canada must be thoroughly tested and approved by Health Canadas Health Products and Food Branch, Veterinary Drugs Directorate, prior to being offered for sale in Canada. Veterinary biologics are regulated by the CFIA under the Health of Animals Act. Concerns raised about the possible presence of antibiotics, hormones, or pesticides in meats include the following Allergic reactions are known to occur in sensitized persons. Penicillin causes the most severe adverse reactions and is implicated more frequently than all other antimicrobials combined. Small amounts of penicillin are metabolized in the body to penicilloic acid, which is a potent allergen. Allergy to the sulfa drugs is also common. The development of antimicrobial resistance by bacteria has received widespread media attention. The concern has been raised that exposure of humans to low levels of antimicrobials through food could contribute to the development of resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria in the human population. Residues could have direct pharmacologic effects if ingested. This is primarily a concern with the adrenergics. Residues could have direct, acute toxic effects. This effect has been seen as a result of consuming fish and shellfish. The banned antibiotic chloramphenicol is known to cause aplastic anemia in some individuals. Most acutely toxic compounds are unlikely to pose a problem in meats, because levels high enough to affect the consumer will cause severe illness or death in the affected animal. It has been postulated that chronic toxicity could occur from exposure to minute amounts of some chemicals over prolonged periods of time. This concern has been directed mainly at carcinogens and at compounds which are known to bio accumulate. Consumer confidence in our food supply may be reduced, even when there is little or no health risk. Presence or suspicion of drug residues in a product can jeopardize export markets. Causes. Veterinary drugs and agricultural chemicals used according to label directions should not result in residues at slaughter. Possible reasons for such residues include not following recommended label directions or dosage extra label usage not adhering to recommended withdrawal times administering too large a volume at a single injection site, resulting in the formation of a depot use of drug contaminated equipment, or failure to properly clean equipment used to mix or administer drugs dosing, measuring, or mixing errors allowing animals access to spilled chemicals or medicated feeds animal effects age, pregnancy, congenital, illness, allergies chemical interactions between drugs variations in water temperature for fish species environmental contamination and improper use of agricultural chemicals such as pesticides. Legal authorities. Food and Drugs Act. Section 4d of the Food and Drugs Act prohibits the sale of an article of food that. Section 2. 31d authorizes an inspector to detain any product which he believes on reasonable grounds does not comply. Food and Drug Regulations. Maximum Residue Limits MRLs are set by Health Canada in the Food and Drug Regulations. MRLs for meat are set in Division 1. Sections B. 1. 5. B. 1. 5. 0. 03, and the accompanying Tables. Table I deals with metals, Table II deals with agricultural chemicals and Table III deals with veterinary drugs. Section B. 1. 5. 0. MRL of 0. 1 ppm for any agricultural chemicals not explicitly listed in Table II. Note that there is no equivalent provision for veterinary drugs the MRL for veterinary drugs is therefore zero unless stated otherwise in Table III. Section B. 0. 1. 0. Food and Drug Regulations prohibits the sale, for food, of animals which have been treated with certain drugs, specifically chloramphenicol and its salts and derivatives 5 nitrofurans clenbuterol and its salts and derivatives 5 nitroimidazole compounds and diethylstilbestrol and other stilbenes. Health Canada has set administrative MRLs a. MRLs for some compounds. Product which contains a residue at a level less than or equal to an MRL in the Food and Drug Regulations, or an administrative MRL posted on Health Canadas Web site, is not considered adulterated, and may be released. Meat Inspection Act. Section 1. 3. 1b authorizes an inspector to inspect and take samples of any meat product or other thing that the inspector believes on reasonable grounds does not comply with this Act or the regulations. Section 1. 5. 1 authorizes an inspector to seize and detain any meat product or other thing if he believes on reasonable grounds that the product is out of compliance. Meat Inspection Regulations, 1. Section 21 of the Regulations provides a definition of adulterated. Section 2. 01 of the Regulations authorizes an inspector to detain an adulterated meat product until it can be brought into compliance, or condemn it if it cannot be brought into compliance. Section 6. 81 requires an operator to comply with an instruction from an official veterinarian to hold and segregate an animal. Section 1. 311 of the Regulations requires an operator or importer to provide any samples requested, free of charge. Health of Animals Act. The Health of Animals Act empowers inspectors to deal with named toxic substances. However, no toxic substances have been named under the Act. Therefore, powers of inspectors under this Act cannot be invoked. Regulations relating to this section of the Act and a list of substances are under development. Individual exposure. Introduction. Some medications are deliberately administered to animals to treat specific disease conditions, by injection, bolus, or infusion. In addition, animals may be exposed to agricultural chemicals or environmental contaminants through accidental ingestion or environmental exposure, and then culled because of signs of illness or impaired production. Treatment or exposure may result in residues in edible portions of the animal. Sample selection. Every animal which an inspector believes on reasonable grounds may have been treated with a medication or exposed to a chemical is a residue suspect, and must be detained until its status can be determined. Reasonable grounds may include but are not limited to the presence on ante mortem examination of signs of a disease condition for which a medical therapy is available the presence on ante mortem examination of pathological changes typical of a disease condition for which a medical therapy is available behavioural changes or clinical signs associated with exposure to or treatment with a particular substance or class of substances such as dystonia with botulina toxin or pupillary constriction with organophosphates the presence on ante mortem or post mortem examination of anatomical changes associated with exposure to or treatment with a particular substance or class of substances such as heavy muscling with agonists, or development of sexual structures with estrogens or androgens and a history of recent medical treatment, such that the animal may not have reached the withdrawal period, or such that slightly delayed clearance may result in residues still being present. Additional guidance may be found in the following sections on specific compounds.