The X Window System X11, or shortened to simply X is a windowing system for bitmap displays, common on UNIXlike computer operating systems. X provides the basic. Hacking Computer System Alpha Protocol' title='Hacking Computer System Alpha Protocol' />Gopher protocol Wikipedia. The Gopher protocol is a TCPIPapplication layerprotocol designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents over the Internet. The Gopher protocol was strongly oriented towards a menu document design and presented an alternative to the World Wide Web in its early stages, but ultimately Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP became the dominant protocol. The Gopher ecosystem is often regarded as the effective predecessor of the World Wide Web. The protocol was invented by a team led by Mark P. Mc. Cahill2 at the University of Minnesota. It offers some features not natively supported by the Web and imposes a much stronger hierarchy on information stored on it. Its text menu interface is well suited to computing environments that rely heavily on remote text oriented computer terminals, which were still common at the time of its creation in 1. Its cake versus ice cream for Splatoon 2s first Splatfest and were streaming all the fun live on our Twitch channel. Come and join the mayhem A proper lock is a crucial component to home security, keeping unwanted intruders from fourlegged pests to wouldbe burglars at bay. And while we certainly cant. The rickroll stunt was just one hack at the security conference DEF CON, which ran a threeday Voting Machine Hacking Village to test the security of various machines. Hacking Computer System Alpha Protocol' title='Hacking Computer System Alpha Protocol' />More recent Gopher revisions and graphical clients added support for multimedia. Gopher was preferred by many network administrators for using fewer network resources than Web services. Gophers hierarchical structure provided a platform for the first large scale electronic library connections. Gopher has been described by some enthusiasts as faster and more efficient and so much more organised than todays Web services. The Gopher protocol is still in use by enthusiasts, and although it has been almost entirely supplanted by the Web, a small population of actively maintained servers remains. OriginseditGopher system was released in mid 1. Mark P. Mc. Cahill, Farhad Anklesaria, Paul Lindner, Daniel Torrey, and Bob Alberti of the University of Minnesota5 in the United States. Its central goals were, as stated in RFC 1. A file like hierarchical arrangement that would be familiar to users. A simple syntax. A system that can be created quickly and inexpensively. Extending the file system metaphor, such as searches. Gopher combines document hierarchies with collections of services, including WAIS, the Archie and Veronicasearch engines, and gateways to other information systems such as File Transfer Protocol FTP and Usenet. The general interest in Campus Wide Information Systems CWISs6 in higher education at the time, and the ease with which a Gopher server could be set up to create an instant CWIS with links to other sites online directories and resources were the factors contributing to Gophers rapid adoption. By 1. 99. 2, the standard method of locating someones e mail address was to find their organizations CCSO nameserver entry in Gopher, and query the nameserver. The name was coined by Anklesaria as a play on several meanings of the word gopher. The University of Minnesota mascot is the gopher,9 a gofer is an assistant who goes for things, and a gopher burrows through the ground to reach a desired location. DeclineeditThe World Wide Web was in its infancy in 1. Gopher services quickly became established. By the late 1. 99. Gopher had largely ceased expanding. Several factors contributed to Gophers stagnation In February 1. University of Minnesota announced that it would charge licensing fees for the use of its implementation of the Gopher server. As a consequence of this, some users were concerned that a licensing fee would also be charged for independent implementations. Users were scared away from Gopher technology, to the advantage of the Web, of which CERN disclaimed ownership. In September 2. 00. University of Minnesota re licensed its Gopher software under the GNU General Public License. Gopher client functionality was quickly duplicated by early Web browsers, such as Mosaic, which subsumed the protocol as part of their functions. Gopher has a more rigid structure compared to the free form HTML of the Web. With Gopher, every document has a defined format and type, and the typical user navigates through a single server defined menu system to get to a particular document. This can be quite different from the way a typical user might traverse documents on the Web. Gopher remains in active use by its enthusiasts, and there have been attempts to revive the use of Gopher on modern platforms and mobile devices. One such attempt is The Overbite Project, which hosts various browser extensions and modern clients. As of 2. 01. 2update, there were approximately 1. Veronica 2,1. 6 reflecting a slow growth from 2. Within these servers Veronica indexed approximately 2. A handful of new servers are set up every year by hobbyists  over 5. Floodgaps list since 1. A snapshot of Gopherspace as it was in 2. Bit. Torrent and is still available. Due to the simplicity of the Gopher protocol, setting up new servers or adding Gopher support to browsers is often done in a tongue in cheek manner, principally on April Fools Day. In November 2. 01. Veronica indexed 1. Veronica indexed approximately 3 million unique selectors. In March 2. 01. 6 Veronica indexed 1. In March 2. 01. 7 Veronica indexed 1. Technical detailseditThe conceptualization of knowledge in Gopher space or a cloud as specific information in a particular file, and the prominence of the FTP, influenced the technology and the resulting functionality of Gopher. Install Activex Cab File Command Linux more. Gopher characteristicseditGopher is designed to function and to appear much like a mountable read only global network file system and software, such as gopherfs, is available that can actually mount a Gopher server as a FUSE resource. At a minimum, whatever a person can do with data files on a CD ROM, one can do on Gopher. A Gopher system consists of a series of hierarchical hyperlinkable menus. The choice of menu items and titles is controlled by the administrator of the server. The top level menu of a Gopher server. Selecting the Fun and Games menu item. Fun and Games menu. Similar to a file on a Web server, a file on a Gopher server can be linked to as a menu item from any other Gopher server. Many servers take advantage of this inter server linking to provide a directory of other servers that the user can access. ProtocoleditThe Gopher protocol was first described in RFC 1. IANA has assigned TCPport 7. Gopher protocol. The protocol is simple to negotiate, making it possible to browse without using a client. A standard gopher session may therefore appear as follows. CIA World Factbook Archivesmirrorstextfiles. CIA gopher. quux. Jargon 4. 2. 0 ReferenceJargon 4. Online Libraries ReferenceOnline Libraries gopher. RFCs Internet Standards ComputersStandards and SpecsRFC gopher. U. S. Gazetteer ReferenceU. S. Gazetteer gopher. This file contains information on United States fake NULL 0. It has fake NULL 0. NULL 0. iand ZIP codes. NULL 0. i fake NULL 0. To search for a city, enter the citys name. To search fake NULL 0. County for instance, fake NULL 0. Dallas County. fake NULL 0. Here, the client has established a TCP connection with the server on port 7. The client then sends a string followed by a carriage return followed by a line feed a CR LF sequence. This is the selector, which identifies the document to be retrieved. If the item selector were an empty line, the default directory would be selected. The server then replies with the requested item and closes the connection. According to the protocol, before the connection is closed, the server should send a full stop i. However, as is the case here, not all servers conform to this part of the protocol and the server may close the connection without returning the final full stop. In this example, the item sent back is a gopher menu, a directory consisting of a sequence of lines each of which describes an item that can be retrieved.